Seo, Nirwono, Park, and Lee: Standard Measurement Procedure for Soil Radon Exhalation Rate and Its Uncertainty

### Background

Radon contributing about 42% of annual average dose, mainly comes from soil. In this paper, standard measurement procedures for soil radon exhalation rate are suggested and their measurement uncertainties are analyzed.

### Materials and Methods

We used accumulation method for estimating surface exhalation rate. The closed-loop measurement system was made up with a RAD7 detector and a surface chamber. Radon activity concentrations in the system were observed as a function of time, with data collection of 5 and 15-minute and the measurement time of 4 hours. Linear and exponential fittings were used to obtain radon exhalation rates from observed data. Standard deviations of measurement uncertainties for two approaches were estimated using usual propagation rules.

### Results and Discussion

The exhalation rates (E) from linear approach, with 30 minutes measurement time were 44.8–48.6 mBq · m−2 · s−1 or 2.14–2.32 atom · cm−2 · s−1 with relative measurement uncertainty of about 10%. The contributions of fitting parameter A, volume (V) and surface (S) to the estimated measurement uncertainty of E were 59.8%, 30.1% and 10.1%, in average respectively. In exponential fitting, at 3-hour measurement we had E ranged of 51.6–69.2 mBq · m−2 · s−1 or 2.46–3.30 atom · cm−2 · s−1 with about 15% relative uncertainty. Fitting with 4-hour measurement resulted E about 51.3–68.2 mBq · m−2 · s−1 or 2.45–3.25 atom · cm−2 · s−1 with 10% relative uncertainty. The uncertainty contributions in exponential approach were 75.1%, 13.4%, 8.7%, and 2.9% for total decay constant k, fitting parameter B, V, and S, respectively.

### Conclusion

In obtaining exhalation rates, the linear approach is easy to apply, but by saturation feature of radon concentrations, the slope tends to decrease away from the expected slope for extended measurement time. For linear approach, measurement time of 1-hour or less was suggested. For exponential approach, the obtained exhalation rates showed similar values for any measurement time, but measurement time of 3-hour or more was suggested for about 10% relative uncertainty.

### Introduction

Radon, 222Rn, is an alpha-emitting radioactive substance which belongs to the decay chain starting from 238U and has a half-life of 3.8 days. Since radon is a noble gas in nature and the half-life of radon is longer than that of isotopes 220Rn (55 seconds) and 223Rn (3.96 seconds), it can escape and diffuse from the earthly rock and soil to the air by diffusion and pressure difference. It is considered to be the second reason of death caused by lung cancer [1] because inhaled radon and its daughter product can irradiate the lung [2]. Radiations are carcinogenic. For human being, naturally-occurring 222Rn is a common source of radiation exposure from inhaled and tissue-deposited radionuclides, and the 232Th exposure which occurs in soil, is less common. Cancers associated with exposure to particular nuclides, usually in an occupational context, include lung cancer, bone sarcomas, liver cancer, leukemia and thyroid cancer [3].
In UNSCEAR 2008 report it is summarized that annual average doses from radiation exposure are 2.4 mSv by natural sources and 0.6 mSv by artificial sources. Among all the natural/artificial sources the inhalation of radon gases contributes the most, 1.26 mSv which is about 42% of the total annual dose 3.0 mSv as shown in Figure 1. The main source of radon is mostly the soil and underlying geology [4]. Soil radon contributes about 69% of all radon sources [1]. From the soil, radon is mainly transported by air pressure differences to the indoor occupied space [4]. For outdoor, radon levels are mainly determined by the soil characteristics, such as the content of uranium and radium, porosity, and the consequent radon exhalation rate; local topology; and the conditions of meteorology [5]. In the estimation of level of radon in the environment, survey of soil exhalation rate measurement is important [6].
Radon exhalation from the ground surface affects both indoor and outdoor radon activity concentrations. For this reason, radon exhalation process from soil to atmosphere is needed further clarification [5]. The exhalation rate of radon can be measured by active and passive methods [5]. Active method uses continuous radon monitors such RAD7, AlphaGUARD, and examples of passive method involve charcoal or solid-state alpha track detectors which are passive in detection principle and take long exposure time. In short term period, Reimer suggested to conduct the active measurement for making risk determination and mitigation of radon concentration [7]. In developed studies, the measurement method of soil radon exhalation rate was commonly based on the closed loop systems to accumulate radon using a surface chamber that mounted on the soil surface [8].
In this study, the authors used RAD7 and a surface chamber to form an active closed loop system and took radon exhalation measurements from Daegu soil with different time intervals (5 minutes and 15 minutes). Using the measured data the exhalation rates were obtained from two different fittings, linear and exponential. Finally, the authors made suggestions on the detailed standard measurement procedures, based on the associated uncertainties of the exhalation rates. These suggestions will be useful in large area mapping of radon exhalation rate, which is essential in radon risk studies and potential mitigation actions.

### 1. Soil Exhalation Rate Measurement

An active closed-loop system consisting of a RAD7 radon detector, a surface chamber placed on top of surface soil, a drying unit and connecting tubes, as shown in Figure 2, based on ISO standard [9], was used for radon exhalation rate measurement. The procedure that based on the ISO as follow:
1. Choosing and locating the measuring point.

2. Recording the location of the measuring point.

3. Preparing the surface to be investigated if necessary by removing for example, rock, roots, and grass.

4. Installing the soil surface emission chamber on the surface of the soil under investigation.

5. Setting the RAD7 in place.

6. Purging the accumulation container with radon-free air.

7. Making air tightness between the container and the surface under investigation.

8. Performing the accumulation of radon in the container.

9. Monitoring the variations of the radon activity concentration measured by the RAD7 for a period of measuring time.

10. Recording the date and time of the accumulation process.

11. Reading the data (radon activity concentration) recorded during the accumulation process.

12. Calculating the surface exhalation rate.

Air and radon from the soil is sucked into the RAD7 and the exhaust gas from RAD7 is returned to the surface chamber by the RAD7 pump and the reported flow rate is about 0.716 l · min−1. Inside the RAD7 the key alpha spectrometer is a passive implanted planner silicon (PIPS) detector and in normal mode the RAD7 achieves better precision by counting 218Po and 214Po alpha peaks. In sniff mode only, the peaks from 218Po are counted. As shown in Table 1 the total volume of the closed system was about 1.93 L and the area of surface chamber was about 366 cm2.
The actual measurements were conducted in Daegu, Korea during 2017 autumn months. A sampling spot was conducted about 0.5 km from the previous study [10] was selected and rainy days were avoided. According to time interval of 5 and 15-minute, data 1 and data 2 were divided, respectively. Then, this measurement was conducted on 3 different days that the letter is intended to after number. In conducting short-term continuous sampling, time intervals that have been used by other researchers were 10, 12, 15, 20, 40, 60-minute or 2 hours [4, 5, 7, 1114].2) In this study, radon data were collected with 5 and 15-minute periods during total measurement time of 4 hours. For each measurement before placing the surface chamber on top of the soil, the RAD7 detector was purged with fresh outdoor air for 1 hour by the pump air circulation to remove pre-existing radon gas in the chamber.

### 2. Balance Equation

When the radon exhalation rate, E (Bq · m−2 · s−1), from the soil surface is assumed constant, the changes in C (t), the radon concentration of the system in Bq · m−3, can be expressed with the radon influx term and the decay term as given in Equation 1. The radon exhalation rate is also expressed as EA (atom · m−2 · s−1) in terms of the atom. In real cases, one should consider two more terms which account for leakage effect and back-diffusion in Equation 2. Two constants of leakage effect and back diffusion, λl and λb, have the same dimension (s−1) as physical decay constant λ. For leakage effect, we may assume that the outside radon concentration Cout is zero because it will remain very small (near to zero) when compared with detecting system radon or soil radon concentrations. With this assumption (Cout=0) and an initial zero condition, Equation 3 is the solution to the differential equation and well describes the radon concentration of detecting system as a function of time during measurement. And V (m3) is certain volume of detector chamber and soil surface area of chamber is used as S (m2).
##### (1)
$dCdt=λ·EA·SV-λ·C=E·SV-λ·C$
##### (2)
$dCdt=E·SV-λ·C-λl·(C-Cout)-λb·C$
##### (3)
$C(t)=E·SV·(λ+λl+λb)(1-e-(λ+λl+λb)·t)$
The radon concentration given in Equation 3 will increase linearly in the beginning of measurement and the approximated trend is given in Equation 4. At the end C(t) will be saturated at the limiting value given in Equation 5.
##### (4)
$C(t)=E·SVt$
##### (5)
$C(t=∞)=E·SV·(λ+λl+λb)$

### 3. Exhalation Rate Acquisition from Fitting

By comparing measured radon concentrations with the model function in Equation 3 one can get the radon exhalation rate from the soil. In detailed analysis we tried two methods, linear and exponential. Linear fitting focused on the initial increase phase given in Equation 4 and a limited portion of measurement data were used. In exponential fitting, whole measurement data were used along with Equation 3. Microsoft Excel and Origin Pro were used for data fitting. In statistical analysis, the estimated variation of measurement uncertainty of system parameters and fitting parameters were used to get final the estimated variation of measurement uncertainty of exhalation rates.

#### 1) Linear Fitting

Linear fitting is suitable for initial or beginning part of radon concentration change, see Figure 3, legend 1. The fitting parameters might follow below equation.
##### (6)
$y=At$
where
$A=S·EV$
It consists of parameters that can be measured like S, V, A, and a parameter, E that we need for this study.
The value of the radon exhalation rate, E can be expressed as
##### (7)
$E=A·VS$
And the propagation of uncertainty of E is determined from the uncertainties of A, V, and S:
##### (8)
$σEE=(σAA)2+(σVV)2+(σSS)$
Thus, the contribution to uncertainty of E is
##### (9)
$(σAA/σEE)2+(σVV σEE)2+(σSS σEE)2=1$
Where the contribution of each parameter to uncertainty can be obtained by ratio of uncertainty propagation. The sum of each of contributions to relative uncertainty is 1.

#### 2) Exponential Fitting

Exponential fitting is the curve that follows the pattern of whole radon concentration changes since the initial until it reaches the saturation. Equation 10 is suitable for exponential fitting.
##### (10)
$y=B(1-e-kt)$
where
$B=E·SV·(λ+λ1+λb)$
and
##### (11)
$k=λ+λ1+λbE=B·k·VS$
The following form of E is adopted to explain Equation 12 for the uncertainty propagation of E.
##### (12)
$σEE=(σBB)2+(σVV)2+(σkk)2+(σSS)2$
Also, the contributions to relative uncertainty of each parameter are summed to 1.
##### (13)
$(σBB/σEE)2+(σVV/σEE)2+(σkk/σEE)2+(σSS/σEE)2=1$

### Results and Discussion

Radon concentration increased linearly in initial part of measurement and, after a certain period of time, tended to be maintained at similar value as Figure 3. Since measurement started at radon-free, exhalation of radon gas from soil caused concentration increment. But, with the leakage and back diffusion effect, radon concentration reached saturation feature for extended measurement time. In this study, the detail of radon data were shown in Figure 4 and radon average concentration is 2,986±20 Bq · m−3.
Radon exhalation rate from soil surface was calculated by Equation 7 in case of linear fitting and Equation 10 in event of exponential fitting.

### 1. Linear Fitting

Figure 5 shows the linear fitting of data 1-A that had 5 minutes time interval. It was based on Equation 7. It could be seen that after 1 hour measurement, the slope is bending down. Furthermore, the remaining data are worthless. Tables 2 and 3 show the linear fitting of data of 5 and 15-minute time interval, respectively.
It can be seen from the Tables 2 and 3 that the increment of t will be followed by declining the value of A and E, furthermore the slope will be bending down as shown in Figure 5. So, in measurement time of more than 1-hour, the value of E may tended to be underestimated.
Authors preferred that 1-hour or less measurement is considerate as the appropriate time. Then, 30 minutes measurement had about 10% relative measurement uncertainty and the slopes were not really bending down. In this measurement, the study concluded that E was ranged of 44.8–48.6 mBq · m−2 · s−1 and the range of EA was 2.139–2.316 atom · cm−2 · s−1.
In linear fitting analysis of soil radon exhalation rate, three parameters that were A, V and S affected to the propagation of uncertainty, of which the influence is the order of E, V, and S. The most contributor to uncertainty of radon exhalation rate is the parameter of A that ranged between 60.8–87.9% in 30 minutes measurement. And the average of A contribution is 59.75%, V is 30.13%, and S is 10.13%.

### 2. Exponential Fitting

Figure 6 shows plotting of exponential fitting of data 1-A that had trend align since 2.5 hours measurement. The first 30-minute measurement was inappropriate data to do exponential fitting, since the curve shown opposite direction to other time ranges. Furthermore, it was excluded from analyzing using this method. As a result of exponential fitting that can be seen on Tables 4 and 5, the range of E was 47.6–73.1 mBq · m−2 · s−1 and EA was ranged of 2.27–3.48 atom · cm−2 · s−1, unlike that of linear fitting, it does not change greatly depending on the measurement interval or time. However, the relative measurement uncertainty decreases with the measurement time increase, 17.65% for 2 hours, 11.00% for 3 hours, and 9.05% for 4 hours. For relative uncertainty level below 15%, 3 hour measurement was chosen that had E range of 51.6–69.2 mBq · m−2 · s−1 and EA 2.46–3.30 atom · cm−2 · s−1. For better result of measurement, below 10% relative uncertainty, 4 hours and more measurement time is needed or about 51.3–68.2 mBq · m−2 · s−1 and EA 2.45–3.25 atom · cm−2 · s−1. Exponential fitting had four parameters which were B, V, k and S. The most contributor to uncertainty of E is k that charged the average of 75.1% and the uncertainty contributions were 13.4%, 8.7%, and 2.9% for B, V, and S, respectively.
In Table 3, the relative measurement uncertainty of E decreases by time and when measurement time is 30 minutes, it ranges from 0.97–1.45, at 2 hours, it shown 0.13–0.16 and at 4 hours, 0.08–0.09. On the other hand, in Table 4, at 1 hour measurement, it ranges from 0.60–7.87, it shown unstable. Starting from 2 hours, it is shown that the relative uncertainty is stable from 0.09–0.23. It can be concluded that for stable data, the measurement time is suggested more than 2 hours.
In Figure 7, at 5 minutes interval time, the relative measurement uncertainty of E ranges from 0.13–0.16; at 10-minute, 0.14–0.17 and for interval time of 15, 20 and 30-minute, it shown that more unstable relative uncertainties. Interval time is suggested whether 5 or 10-minute.

### 3. Continuously Soil Radon Exhalation Rate Measurement procedure

After investigation using linear and exponential fitting of exhalation rate, we proposed the procedure of continuously measurement of the soil radon exhalation rate as flowchart of Figure 8. The procedure measurement follows the ISO until step 7, then before performing the accumulation of radon, it should be decided the time measurement. Based on the investigation, it categorized as below and above one hour measurement. When an hour measurement is chosen, the linear fitting approach will be used for calculation of exhalation rate. On the other hand, exponential fitting method is preferred for above an hour measurement.

### Conclusion

An active closed-loop system consisting of a RAD7 radon detector, a surface chamber mounted on the soil surface, a drying unit and connecting tubes was used to measure soil radon exhalation rates. The measured radon concentrations showed initial linear increase in the beginning and reached a certain saturation level due to leakage and back diffusion. The linear and exponential fitting methods were applied to get radon exhalation rates from measured radon concentration data. Detailed uncertainty analysis was performed to get suggestions on standard procedures.
Radon concentration from soil increases at the beginning part of measurement and tends to saturate due to leakage and back diffusion effects. So, linear fitting is good and simple, nevertheless it has the problem when adding some data, the slope will be bending down. Therefore, the longer the measurement time, the smaller the relative measurement uncertainty but the lower the radon exhalation rate from soil that obtained by increasing slope of radon concentration. Radon exhalation rate (E) of soil surface that gave about 10% of relative uncertainty level was about 44.8–48.6 mBq · m−2 · s−1 and EA was ranged of 2.139–2.316 atom · cm−2 · s−1 for 30 minutes measurement in linear fitting method. One hour measurement may result in a lower uncertainty, but bending down may already occur and the E value may be underestimated. It is suggested 1 hour measurement that had relative uncertainty below 10% for measurement time. In this method, three parameters which are fitting parameter (A), volume of the system (V) and area of surface chamber (S) were involved in calculating the exhalation rate and uncertainty. On average contribution, A contributes 59.75%, V is 30.13%, and S is 10.13%.
Exponential fitting had similar values of E regardless of the measurement time. And the relative measurement uncertainty decreased as the measurement time became longer. The uncertainty was reduced rapidly in 2 hours measurement, however it is suggested that measurement time is more than 3 hours for a relative uncertainty level below 12.5%. And its interval time is recommended of 5 and 10 minutes. Radon exhalation rate for exponential fitting was 51.6–69.2 mBq · m−2 · s−1 and EA was 2.46–3.30 atom · cm−2 using 3 hours measurement. Exponential fitting with 4 hours measurement time case resulted in reduced 10% relative uncertainty. In this fitting, two fitting parameters (fitting parameter [B] and total decay constant [k]) were parted of four exhalation rate parameters that two others are V and S. Among them, k which is the major uncertainty contributor was charged the average of 75.1%, B had 13.4%, V had 8.7%, and S had 2.9% in average relative uncertainty.
The result of radon exhalation from soil surface of Daegu was 44.8–48.6 mBq · m−2 · s−1 or 2.139–2.316 atom · cm−2 · s−1 for 30 minutes measurement in linear fitting method and 51.6–69.2 mBq · m−2 · s−1 or 2.46–3.30 atom · cm−2 for exponential fitting using 3 hours measurement.
This study can contribute to radon measurement standard procedures. And, radon study from soil and rocks, which are sources of indoor radon gas, can be used as base data for radon mapping and selecting radon hazard areas.

### Notes

2) DURRIDGE. Emission Chambers: Bulk and Surface Emission Detection for the RAD7, User Manual, no. 978. 2016;4–9.

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##### Fig. 3
Radon concentration change and fitting graph by interval according to measuring time.
##### Fig. 4
Measurement data of radon concentration of 5 and 15-minute interval time.
##### Fig. 5
Linear fitting of data 1-A.
##### Fig. 6
Exponential fitting of data 1-A.
##### Fig. 7
Relative uncertainties compare with time interval at 2 hours measurement.
##### Fig. 8
Flowchart of continuously soil radon exhalation rate measurement procedure.
##### Table 1
Parameter Value Unit
Area of the surface chamber, S (3,664±68)×10−5 m2
Volume of the whole system, V (1,931±62)×10−6 m3
Decay constant of 222Rn, λ 2.0979×10−6 s1
##### Table 2
Linear Fitting of 5-minute Time Interval Data
Data t (min) Fitting parameter E (mBq · m2 · s1) EA (atoms · cm2 · s1) σE/E (%) Relative contributions to uncertainty

A (Bq · m3 · s1) $(σAA/σEE)2$ (%) $(σVV/σEE)2$ (%) $(σSS/σEE)2$ (%)
1-A 0 to 120 0.380±0.007 20.1±0.8 0.96±0.04 4.1 18.8 60.8 20.4
0 to 90 0.478±0.010 25.2±1.1 1.20±0.05 4.2 24.5 56.5 19.0
0 to 60 0.621±0.017 32.7±1.5 1.56±0.07 4.6 35.9 48.0 16.1
0 to 30 0.923±0.042 48.6±2.9 2.32±0.14 5.9 60.8 29.4 9.9

1-B 0 to 120 0.559±0.017 29.5±1.4 1.40±0.07 4.7 39.6 45.2 15.2
0 to 90 0.636±0.024 33.5±1.8 1.60±0.08 5.3 51.0 36.6 12.3
0 to 60 0.726±0.039 38.2±2.5 1.82±0.12 6.6 68.4 23.6 8.0
0 to 30 0.862±0.091 45.5±5.1 2.17±0.24 11.1 89.0 8.2 2.8

1-C 0 to 120 0.549±0.017 28.9±1.4 1.38±0.07 4.8 40.4 44.6 15.0
0 to 90 0.680±0.025 35.8±1.9 1.71±0.09 5.2 49.2 38.0 12.8
0 to 60 0.779±0.041 41.1±2.6 1.96±0.13 6.4 66.6 25.0 8.4
0 to 30 0.922±0.092 48.6±5.1 2.32±0.25 10.6 87.9 9.1 3.1
##### Table 3
Linear Fitting of 15-minute Time Interval Data
Data t (min) Fitting parameter E (mBq · m2 · s1) EA (atoms · cm2 · s1) σE/E (%) Relative contributions to uncertainty

A (Bq · m3 · s1) $(σAA/σEE)2$ (%) $(σVV/σEE)2$ (%) $(σSS/σEE)2$ (%)
2-A 0 to 120 0.668±0.017 35.2±1.5 1.68±0.08 4.5 32.2 50.7 17.1
0 to 90 0.772±0.024 40.7±1.9 1.94±0.09 4.9 42.4 43.1 14.5
0 to 60 0.879±0.039 46.3±2.6 2.21±0.13 5.8 59.7 30.2 10.1
0 to 30 0.851±0.080 44.8±4.5 2.14±0.22 10.2 86.8 9.9 3.3

2-B 0 to 120 0.660±0.017 34.8±1.5 1.66±0.08 4.5 33.5 49.8 16.8
0 to 90 0.752±0.024 39.6±1.9 1.89±0.09 4.9 44.1 41.8 14.1
0 to 60 0.841±0.039 44.3±2.6 2.11±0.13 6.0 62.4 28.2 9.5
0 to 30 0.916±0.088 48.2±4.9 2.30±0.24 10.3 87.2 9.6 3.2

2-C 0 to 120 0.571±0.016 30.1±1.4 1.44±0.07 4.7 37.3 46.9 15.8
0 to 90 0.656±0.023 34.5±1.7 1.65±0.08 5.1 48.3 38.7 13.0
0 to 60 0.756±0.038 39.8±2.5 1.90±0.12 6.3 65.5 25.8 8.7
0 to 30 0.916±0.088 48.3±4.9 2.30±0.24 10.3 87.2 9.6 3.2
##### Table 4
Exponential Fitting of 5-minute Time Interval Data
Data t (min) Fitting parameter E (mBq · m2 · s1) EA (atoms · cm2 · s1) σE/E (%) Relative contributions to uncertainty

B (Bq · m3 · s1) k (10−5 · s1) $(σBB/σEE)2$ (%) $(σKK/σEE)2$ (%) $(σVV/σEE)2$ (%) $(σSS/σEE)2$ (%)
1-A 0 to 240 3,819±78 33.9±2.2 68.2±5.2 3.25±0.16 7.7 7.1 70.0 17.3 5.8
0 to 180 3,776±112 34.8±2.8 69.2±6.4 3.30±0.16 9.2 10.3 74.0 12.0 4.0
0 to 120 3,556±185 39.0±4.5 73.1±9.7 3.48±0.17 13.3 15.3 77.0 5.8 1.9
0 to 60 4,608±1,217 27.4±10.0 66.4±30.1 3.17±0.15 45.2 34.1 65.0 0.5 0.2

1-B 0 to 240 3,888±104 25.0±1.8 51.3±4.3 2.45±0.12 8.4 10.2 70.0 14.5 4.9
0 to 180 3,869±176 25.3±2.6 51.6±6.0 2.46±0.12 11.7 15.2 75.0 7.5 2.5
0 to 120 3,828±281 25.9±3.4 52.3±8.1 2.49±0.12 15.6 22.3 72.0 4.2 1.4
0 to 60 4,049±1,150 23.7±9.0 50.5±24.0 2.41±0.11 47.5 35.8 64.0 0.5 0.2

1-C 0 to 240 3,359±82 34.1±2.6 60.4±5.4 2.88±0.14 8.9 7.5 75.0 12.9 4.4
0 to 180 3,332±116 34.7±3.2 60.9±6.5 2.90±0.14 10.6 10.7 77.0 9.0 3.0
0 to 120 3,259±186 36.4±4.5 62.6±8.8 2.98±0.14 14.0 16.5 77.0 5.2 1.7
0 to 60 4,093±1,479 25.6±1.3 55.3±33.8 2.64±0.13 61.0 35.0 65.0 0.3 0.1
##### Table 5
Exponential Fitting of 15-minute Time Interval Data
Data t (min) Fitting parameter E (mBq · m2 · s1) EA (atoms · cm2 · s1) σE/E (%) Relative contributions to uncertainty

B (Bq · m3 · s1) k (10−5 · s1) $(σBB/σEE)2$ (%) $(σKK/σEE)2$ (%) $(σVV/σEE)2$ (%) $(σSS/σEE)2$ (%)
2-A 0 to 240 4,289±129 27.5±2.3 62.2±5.9 2.97±0.28 9.5 10.1 74.8 11.3 3.8
0 to 180 4,200±186 34.8±3.0 63.2±7.5 3.01±0.36 11.9 14.0 76.3 7.3 2.4
0 to 120 4,903±565 39.0±4.3 58.3±13.2 2.78±0.63 22.6 26.0 71.4 2.0 0.7
0 to 60 42,084±231,189 2.1±12.0 47.6±374.3 2.27±17.84 787.1 48.7 51.3 0.0 0.0

2-B 0 to 240 4,307±123 14.5±2.1 61.9±5.6 2.95±0.27 9.1 9.8 73.6 12.4 4.2
0 to 180 4,457±205 25.0±2.6 59.9±7.0 2.85±0.34 11.8 15.4 74.8 7.4 2.5
0 to 120 4,886±427 25.3±3.2 57.2±9.9 2.73±0.47 17.3 25.5 69.9 3.4 1.1
0 to 60 8,650±8,351 11.1±12.0 50.6±74.2 2.41±3.54 146.7 43.3 56.6 0.0 0.0

2-C 0 to 240 3,653±122 29.1±2.8 56.1±6.0 2.67±0.29 10.7 9.7 78.5 8.9 3.0
0 to 180 3,856±159 26.2±2.4 53.1±5.7 2.53±0.27 10.8 14.6 73.7 8.8 3.0
0 to 120 3,959±447 25.1±5.0 52.4±12.1 2.5±0.58 23.1 23.8 73.7 1.9 0.6
0 to 60 4,067±1,445 24.8±12.0 53.1±31.6 2.53±1.51 59.5 35.6 64.0 0.3 0.1
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